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Physical Chemistry

Language of Chemistry Stoichiometry Atomic Structure Oxidation and Reduction Periodic Table Acid and Base Electronic Theory of Valency Equivalent Weight and Atomic Weight

Physical Chemistry-II

Non-Metals

Inorganic Chemistry

Introduction Compound of Metals Hydroxide Chlorides And Nitrates Sulphates And Carbonates General Metallurgy Sodium and Its Compounds Copper Zinc Iron

Copper

Introduction:

Electronic Configuration: $[A r] 3 d^{10} 4 s^{1}$
Atomic Number: $29$
Symbol: $C u$
Copper is soft, but it is tough. It is easily mixed with other metals to form alloys such as bronze and brass
$B ro n ze = T in + C o pp er$
$B r a ss = Z in c + C o pp er$
Specific Gravity: $8.94$
Ores Of Copper:

-Copper pyrites: $C u F e S_{2}$

-Cuprite: $C u_{2} O$

-Copper glance: $C u_{2} S$

-Malachite: $C u (O H)_{2} . C u C O_{3}$

Extraction Of Copper from Copper Pyrite

Crushing and Pulverization:

-Big lumps of ore are crushed with jaw crushes and pulverized with ball mill.

Concentration:

-As Copper pyrite $(C u F e S_{2})$ is sulphur containing ore so Froth floatation process is used to increase the concentration up to $(25 - 30) %$ where sulphide ores come to surface along with froth.

Calcination or roasting:

- Among these two roasting process is used because it is sulphide ore.

$2 C u F e S_{2} + O_{2} \to ∆ C u_{2} S + 2 F e_{S} + S O_{2}$

$2 C u_{2} S (l i ttl e) + 3 O_{2} \to ∆ 2 C u_{2} O (l i ttl e) + 2 S O_{2}$

$2 F e S + 3 O_{2} \to ∆ 2 F e O + 2 S O_{2}$

Smelting (Production of Matte):

-The roasted ore is mixed with sand and coke and smelted on blast furnace which is $(15 - 20) f t$ high and $(3 - 5) f t$ diameter, The oxidation of $F e S$ , which started on step 2, goes on further reaction:

$2 F e S + 3 O_{2} \to 2 F e O + 2 S O_{2}$

$2 C u_{2} S + 3 O_{2} \to 2 C u_{2} O + 2 S O_{2}$

$F e O + S i O_{2} \to F e S i O_{3}$

$C u_{2} O + F e S \to C u_{2} O + F e O$

Note:

-( $C u_{2} S + 2 F e_{S})$ =Copper Matte

-Matte contains about $50%$ Copper.

Bessemerization:

-Production of metallic copper-blister from matte.

- $F e S$ on matte on oxidation to $F e O$ , finally reacts with $S i O_{2}$ to give slag.

$2 F e S + 3 O_{2} \to 2 F e O + 2 S O_{2}$

$F e O + S i O_{2} \to F e S i O_{3}$

-Slag is removed, $C u_{2} S$ is oxidized to $C u_{2} O$ and finally to blister copper.

$2 C u_{2} S + 3 O_{2} \to 2 C u_{2} O + 2 S O_{2}$

$C u_{2} S + C u_{2} O \to 6 C u + S O_{2}$

- $C u$ :- Blister of Copper. Contain about $2%$ impurities of $A g, A u, N i, Z n,$ etc.

Purification:

-To remove those $2%$ impurities following method may be used.

a) Poling:

-Molten blister copper is stirred by green wood poles where $C H_{4}$ is released and acts as reducing agent.

$3 C u_{2} O + 3 C H_{4} \to ∆ 6 C u + CO + 2 H_{2} O$

-The poled/ refined copper is $99%$ pure.

b) Electro-refining of Copper:

Impure Copper is made anode.
Pure Copper sheet is made cathode.
$C u S O_{4}$ and $H_{2} S O_{4}$ as electrolyte.
Purity becomes $99.9%$
Anode mud contains $A u an d A g$ .

Note:

$C u O$ = Black oxide of Copper
$C u_{2} O$ = Red oxide of Copper

Manufacture of Blue Vitriol:

Penta hydrated copper sulphate is known as Blue Vitriol $(C u S O_{4} .5 H_{2} O)$
By action of $d i l . H_{2} S O_{4}$ on Copper scarps.(large scale precipitation).

$2 C u + 2 d i l . H_{2} S O_{4} + O_{2} \to ∆ 2 C u S O_{4} + 2 H_{2} O$

From the solution of $C u S O_{4}$ , crystals are obtained by heating up to crystallization point and cooling.

$C u S O_{4} + 5 H_{2} O \to ∆ C u S O_{4} .5 H_{2} O$

$C u S O_{4} .5 H_{2} O (b l u e crys t a l) \to ai r C u S O_{4} .3 H_{2} O (P a l e Bl u e) \to (10 0^{\circ} C) C u S O_{4} . H_{2} O (23 0^{\circ} C) \to C u S O_{4} (anh y d ro u s (co l or l ess)) \to (> 64 0^{\circ} C); ∆ C u O + S O_{2} + O_{2}$

It can be prepared on lab easily b reacting oxides, hydroxides or carbonates of Copper with $d i l . H_{2} S O_{4}$ and heating up to crystallization point.

$C u O + H_{2} S O_{4} \to C u S O_{4} + H_{2} O (He a t e d u p t o crys t a ll i z a t i o n) \to C u S O_{4} .5 H_{2} O$